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Диплом  Linguistic aspects of political correctness in the USA

Содержание:

Introduction

Chapter 1.
1.1. Political correctness. Definition and historical background
1.2. Historical development of the terms Political Correctness and Politically Correct1.
3. The Ideology of Political Correctness
1.4. A Marxist Dialectic as the basis of political correctness
1.5. Political correctness enters into American society
1.6. The influence of political correctness on the United States of America
1.7. Political correctness in higher education
1.8. Criticism of political correctness.

Chapter 2.
2.1. The Challenge of Political Correctness in the Translation of "Sensitive" Texts
2.2. Satirical use of political correctness
2.3. Examples of language modification
2.4. The analysis of the phenomenon of political correctness in the United States of America.
CONCLUSION
appendix
presentation

The topic of this research is how political correctness influences the modern society and how it appeared in the USA. One cannot help noticing, that this topic is rather interesting and urgent nowadays. Political correctness, in short, has gone a long way in the past fifteen years. From a minor side effect of society, it has gradually evolved into an overarching, ever-present and omnipotent buzz-word at which everyone shivers. America is today dominated by an alien system of beliefs, attitudes and values that we have come to know as “Political Correctness.” Political Correctness seeks to impose a uniformity of thought and behavior on all Americans and is therefore totalitarian in nature. Its roots lie in a version of Marxism which seeks a radical inversion of the traditional culture . The concept of political correctness has been written about extensively over the decades and has been in popular discussion in the U.S. for at least 20 to 30 years. According to specialists, political correctness - is term which refers to language, ideas, policies or behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and institutional offense in such categories as occupation, gender, race, culture, sexual orientation, disability or age-related contexts . In other words, to be politically correct means to be hypersensitive to the degree that no one in these categories perceives in any small way that he or she is being singled out, slighted or characterized in any unpleasant or uncomplimentary fashion. It has really picked up steam, becoming far too overbearing. For instance, it is not fair to call fat people fat, we have to call them overweight, horizontally challenged . We can't call short people short, we have to call them vertically challenged . It gets better. We aren't allowed to do certain activities because it is unfair to people. Political correctness has evolved to far more than just this.
The object of the following research is lexical methods of representation political correctness phenomenon in language and investigation the impact of political correctness on everyday speech in the USA.
The subject of the research is to find out how political correctness was formed in speech, what favoured the development of the phenomenon, what historical events preceded its forthcoming.
The aim of the research is to understand the meaning of the phenomenon of political correctness and to ascertain how to use it in language and speech; to find the information on what PC language and its historical roots are, to make up a list of PC language, to present some appropriate activities on the topic, to investigate the phenomenon of political correctness in the United States of America. The usage of the term relate to particular issues of race, gender, handicaps, ethnicity, sexual preference, culture and worldviews, and encompass both the language in which issues are discussed and the viewpoints that are expressed .
According to the aim of this research we can mark out the following tasks:
1) to describe the political correctness phenomenon;
2) to expose regular occurrence and special characteristics of political correctness; 3) to examine its functioning in language and speech;
4) to compare it with other lexical phenomena and its influence on modern society;
5) to characterize and classify political correctness units.
Texts of English printed mass-media (newspapers of national significance such as The Washington Post, Newsweek, USA Today; BBC NEWS, The University of Chicago Press, the online site of the Harvard political review, "The Orwellian Language of Big Government" NTUF Policy Paperand others) with the total volume of 120 articles served as the research material.
In this research were used the following research methods:
- a descriptive method that allows to study and systematize the literature on the topic;
- the method of distributive analysis that allows to single out main thematic groups of politically correct vocabulary;
- the method of componential analysis that allows to identify the components of the meaning of politically correct/incorrect vocabulary;
- the method of text analysis;
- the method of qualitative analysis that allows to determine the qualitative ration of politically correct /incorrect vocabulary.
The topicality of the present research is conditioned by the following factors:
- insufficient research of political correctness in linguistic and intercultural aspects;
- insufficient research of political correctness in the United States of America.
The scientific novelty of diploma work is based on the following:
- an attempt to determine the status of political correctness and its degree of influence on culture and language;
- conceptualization of historical and national character of political correctness category;
- a study of political correctness tendencies in the English language.
Moreover, in order to define the attitude to political correctness of Americans the research contains a survey
The theoretical importance of the research is to consider the notion “political correctness” as a cultural-behavioral and linguistic category. It also includes a comparison of the means of expression of political correctness in English.
The Practical value of the work consists in the opportunity to use this material in lectures, seminar lessons on country studies, lexicology, stylistics, also in writing course papers.
The diploma work consists of introduction, two parts: theoretical part and practical part, conclusion, bibliography appendices and references. The theoretical part is devoted to the research of political discourse, its characteristics and historical roots. The practical part represents a comparative analysis of the phenomenon of political correctness and its influence on American society. The conclusion summarizes the results of the study.

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